A new camp for women

Women were held in Nazi camps from the start. But numbers remained small: almost all prisoners in 1933 were men. This did not change much during the next few years. In late September 1938, there were no more than around 800 women (held in Lichtenburg) in the camp system, compared to more than 20,000 men. But the SS expected numbers to grow, and in 1939 opened the first purpose-built camp for women: Ravensbrück, some 50 miles or so north of Berlin. Life for the inmates was harder than ever before: roll calls were more rigorous, forced labour more tiring and punishment stricter. Margarete Buber-Neumann, taken to Ravensbrück as a Communist in August 1940, later recalled her first impressions.

014 – The German prisoner Margarete Buber-Neumann on Ravensbrück in summer 1940

After a short drive, we came to a gate. The woman in charge handed a list to the guard, who counted us, and then the gate was swung back and we were hustled through into concentration camp Ravensbrück.

SS photo of Ravensbrück (1940-1)

Dokumentationsarchiv des Oesterreichischen Widerstandes, courtesy of Lydia Chagoll

We lined up in fives in front of a newly painted wooden hut before which was a neat garden plot. A woman guard […] stood watching us, shouting from time to time: “Quiet! Hands by the side. Stand to attention!”. I was astonished at what I saw: neat plots of grass with beds in which flowers were blooming. […]

From outside everything looked beautiful – more like a neat holiday camp than a concentration camp. But behind the aviary we could see part of the barbed-wire fencing which surrounded the camp and served to remind us where we were. […]

My heart fell as I realised that this was how I was going to live

But whilst we were waiting a column of prisoners came by and I saw German camp inmates for the first time. They marched in orderly ranks. Each woman wore a clean white kerchief bound round her head and fastened at the back, a broad-striped dress and a dark-blue apron. […] Their faces were impassive as they passed. One looked just like the other. My heart fell as I realised that this was how I was going to live: regimented, drilled and shouted at day in, day out, for year after year: “Left, right. Left, right. Heads up. Arms by the side. Line up!”. […]

We were marched up to an office and then taken in one after the other to have our particulars registered. A woman official assisted by two prisoners made out a card for each of us. Later it would have a photo attached and be filed away in the “Political Section”. […]

Everything at Ravensbrück was done with typical Prussian thoroughness. A prisoner was passed from hand to hand until every detail was complete and she had become a permanent inmate, registered, photographed, listed and uniformed.[…]

After our clothing had been taken away, the long-feared procedure of looking for head lice began.[…] At least there was hot water and soap and a towel for each woman.[…] When it was all over we were left sitting around the room on benches, naked and shivering with cold, waiting for the next procedure. It was the medical examination, and a pitiful travesty it was.

Source: M. Buber-Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 2008), pp. 161–3